Although neither side is eager to provoke a sustained conflict, the 2021 flare-up, the fourth major conflict between the two parties since 2008, is an important reminder of simmering tensions. Israeli airstrikes caused significant destruction in the Gaza Strip, while Hamas’ indiscriminate rocket attacks damaged public and private property, particularly in southern Israel. The war killed more than 250 Palestinians and a dozen people in Israel. Amid major and longstanding disagreements, in May 2021, a land dispute in Sheikh Jarrah, East Jerusalem, prompted violent protests and riots in Israel and the West Bank, culminating in yet another war between Israel, and Hamas, which controls the Gaza Strip. Senior Israeli leaders and their Palestinian counterparts continue to accuse one another of obstructing peace efforts. The Israeli-Palestinian peace process has remained frozen since 2014, with no major push from the international community to urge the two sides to negotiate.
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